Hey welcome to HemChandraLive.blogspot.com
The Crowley Book PPT
https://drive.google.com/open?id=15QvA2ijE40ivcfms2YoOmF2L9olF94mk
The Crowley Book PPT
https://drive.google.com/open?id=15QvA2ijE40ivcfms2YoOmF2L9olF94mk
Wednesday, August 29, 2018
Monday, August 27, 2018
AICTE Scholarship : Step By Step Procedure to Register Yourself in AICTE Portal For Gate Scholarship
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Get your AICTE student ID From Your College .
Step 1: First go to below link
https://www.aicte-india.org/schemes/students-development-schemes/PG-Scholarship-Scheme/General-instruction
And scroll down and click on red circle Link .
Step 2 :You will get Below Screen
Choose State : (Your University State)
Institute Permanent ID : 1-1313XXX821
(If you don't know get it from https://drive.google.com/open?id=1UTLDWNUl3H4UkhF9DJCSXotgT4bwvK4R )
Student Id :
Date Of Birth :
Submit it . Below Screen will appear .
Step 3: Please fill all the details . And Don't forget to Upload Attested Documents . Read Below Instructions Carefully
Instructions for attachments
Get your AICTE student ID From Your College .
Step 1: First go to below link
https://www.aicte-india.org/schemes/students-development-schemes/PG-Scholarship-Scheme/General-instruction
And scroll down and click on red circle Link .
Choose State : (Your University State)
Institute Permanent ID : 1-1313XXX821
(If you don't know get it from https://drive.google.com/open?id=1UTLDWNUl3H4UkhF9DJCSXotgT4bwvK4R )
Student Id :
Date Of Birth :
Submit it . Below Screen will appear .
Step 3: Please fill all the details . And Don't forget to Upload Attested Documents . Read Below Instructions Carefully
Instructions for attachments
2. Documents in support of SC/ST/OBC (NCL)/Physically Handicapped certificate shall be attested by the institute principal or gazetted officer
3. SC/ST/OBC (NCL)/Physically Handicapped certificate should be in Hindi/English otherwise it should be translated and verified in Hindi/English by notary officer or by the principal in institute letter head. Student shall upload both original and translated certificate
4. All other attachments shall be self-attested by the candidate
Only clear and readable attachments shall be accepted
Fill permanent address and all others stuffs .
For Document upload .
Step 1: Click on attachment name it will ask for file location , Select it
Step 2: Choose Document Type (e.g. Bank Passbook , Gate Score Card etc )
Step 3: Click on + icon , and repeat Step 1 , 2 ,3 .
And at last Submit it .
Congratulations , you will receive stipend Soon😃.
--------------------------
Be careful of below things
1. Your bank account should be linked by Aadhar .
2. Bank Account should not be minor .
3. Your name , bank account name , aadhar name should be matched .
-----------
Important Links :
FAQ on Scholarship
https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/detailed%20advertisement%20-%20PG%20scholarship.pdf
http://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/pg-process.pdf
Sunday, August 26, 2018
Find minimum number of currency notes and values that sum to given amount
Objective : This program will find the minimum number of currency notes and values that sum to given amount .
UOH Student Protest For Chappati
Python Code1 :
def demonitisation(amount):
notes=[2000,500,200,100,50,20,10,5,2,1]
while amount>0:
for i in range(0,len(notes)):
if amount>=notes[i]:
print("RS",notes[i]," , ",int(amount/notes[i])," Notes Requires")
amount=amount%notes[i];
amount=int(input("Enter the amount :: "));
#invalid entry condition check
if(amount<0):
print("Invalid Entry")
else:
demonitisation(amount)
Python Code 2:
amount=int(input("Enter amount :: "));
print("==================")
if amount >= 2000:
print("2000 ",int(amount/2000)," Rupee Note ");
amount=amount%2000;
if amount >=500:
print("500 ",int(amount/500)," Rupee Note");
amount=amount%500;
if amount>=200:
print("200 ",int(amount/200)," Rupee Note");
amount=amount%200;
if amount>=100:
print("100 ",int(amount/100)," Rupee Note");
amount=amount%100;
if amount>=50:
print("50 ",int(amount/50)," Rupee Note");
amount=amount%50;
if amount>=20:
print("20 ",int(amount/20)," Rupee Note")
amount=amount%20;
if amount>=10:
print("10 ",int(amount/10)," Rupee Note")
amount=amount%10;
if amount>=5:
print("5 ",int(amount/5)," Rupee Note")
amount=amount%5;
if amount>=2:
print("2 ",int(amount/2)," Rupee Note")
amount=amount%2;
if amount>=1:
print("1 ",amount," Rupee Note")
UOH Student Protest For Chappati
Python Code1 :
def demonitisation(amount):
notes=[2000,500,200,100,50,20,10,5,2,1]
while amount>0:
for i in range(0,len(notes)):
if amount>=notes[i]:
print("RS",notes[i]," , ",int(amount/notes[i])," Notes Requires")
amount=amount%notes[i];
amount=int(input("Enter the amount :: "));
#invalid entry condition check
if(amount<0):
print("Invalid Entry")
else:
demonitisation(amount)
Python Code 2:
amount=int(input("Enter amount :: "));
print("==================")
if amount >= 2000:
print("2000 ",int(amount/2000)," Rupee Note ");
amount=amount%2000;
if amount >=500:
print("500 ",int(amount/500)," Rupee Note");
amount=amount%500;
if amount>=200:
print("200 ",int(amount/200)," Rupee Note");
amount=amount%200;
if amount>=100:
print("100 ",int(amount/100)," Rupee Note");
amount=amount%100;
if amount>=50:
print("50 ",int(amount/50)," Rupee Note");
amount=amount%50;
if amount>=20:
print("20 ",int(amount/20)," Rupee Note")
amount=amount%20;
if amount>=10:
print("10 ",int(amount/10)," Rupee Note")
amount=amount%10;
if amount>=5:
print("5 ",int(amount/5)," Rupee Note")
amount=amount%5;
if amount>=2:
print("2 ",int(amount/2)," Rupee Note")
amount=amount%2;
if amount>=1:
print("1 ",amount," Rupee Note")
Friday, August 24, 2018
Tower Of Hanoi Code DSP Lab Problem
Hey welcome to HemChandraLive.blogspot.com
Tower of Hanoi is a mathematical puzzle. It consists of three poles and a number of disks of different sizes which can slide onto any poles.
The puzzle starts with the disk in a neat stack in ascending order of size in one pole, the smallest at the top thus making a conical shape.
The objective of the puzzle is to move all the disks from one pole (say ‘source pole’) to another pole (say ‘destination pole’) with the help of third pole (say auxiliary pole).
The puzzle has the following two rules:
1. You can’t place a larger disk onto smaller disk
2. Only one disk can be moved at a time
For n disks, total 2n – 1 moves are required.
Iterative Algorithm:
Code is below :
// C Program for Iterative Tower of Hanoi
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>
// A structure to represent a stack
struct Stack
{
unsigned capacity;
int top;
int *array;
};
void moveDisk(char , char , int );
// function to create a stack of given capacity.
struct Stack* createStack(unsigned capacity)
{
struct Stack* stack =
(struct Stack*) malloc(sizeof(struct Stack));
stack -> capacity = capacity;
stack -> top = -1;
stack -> array =
(int*) malloc(stack -> capacity * sizeof(int));
return stack;
}
// Stack is full when top is equal to the last index
int isFull(struct Stack* stack)
{
return (stack->top == stack->capacity - 1);
}
// Stack is empty when top is equal to -1
int isEmpty(struct Stack* stack)
{
return (stack->top == -1);
}
// Function to add an item to stack. It increases
// top by 1
void push(struct Stack *stack, int item)
{
if (isFull(stack))
return;
stack -> array[++stack -> top] = item;
}
// Function to remove an item from stack. It
// decreases top by 1
int pop(struct Stack* stack)
{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return INT_MIN;
return stack -> array[stack -> top--];
}
// Function to implement legal movement between
// two poles
void moveDisksBetweenTwoPoles(struct Stack *src,
struct Stack *dest, char s, char d)
{
int pole1TopDisk = pop(src);
int pole2TopDisk = pop(dest);
// When pole 1 is empty
if (pole1TopDisk == INT_MIN)
{
push(src, pole2TopDisk);
moveDisk(d, s, pole2TopDisk);
}
// When pole2 pole is empty
else if (pole2TopDisk == INT_MIN)
{
push(dest, pole1TopDisk);
moveDisk(s, d, pole1TopDisk);
}
// When top disk of pole1 > top disk of pole2
else if (pole1TopDisk > pole2TopDisk)
{
push(src, pole1TopDisk);
push(src, pole2TopDisk);
moveDisk(d, s, pole2TopDisk);
}
// When top disk of pole1 < top disk of pole2
else
{
push(dest, pole2TopDisk);
push(dest, pole1TopDisk);
moveDisk(s, d, pole1TopDisk);
}
}
//Function to show the movement of disks
void moveDisk(char fromPeg, char toPeg, int disk)
{
printf("Move the disk %d from \'%c\' to \'%c\'\n",
disk, fromPeg, toPeg);
}
//Function to implement TOH puzzle
void tohIterative(int num_of_disks, struct Stack
*src, struct Stack *aux,
struct Stack *dest)
{
int i, total_num_of_moves;
char s = 'S', d = 'D', a = 'A';
//If number of disks is even, then interchange
//destination pole and auxiliary pole
if (num_of_disks % 2 == 0)
{
char temp = d;
d = a;
a = temp;
}
total_num_of_moves = pow(2, num_of_disks) - 1;
//Larger disks will be pushed first
for (i = num_of_disks; i >= 1; i--)
push(src, i);
for (i = 1; i <= total_num_of_moves; i++)
{
if (i % 3 == 1)
moveDisksBetweenTwoPoles(src, dest, s, d);
else if (i % 3 == 2)
moveDisksBetweenTwoPoles(src, aux, s, a);
else if (i % 3 == 0)
moveDisksBetweenTwoPoles(aux, dest, a, d);
}
}
// Driver Program
int main()
{
// Input: number of disks
unsigned num_of_disks = 8;
struct Stack *src, *dest, *aux;
// Create three stacks of size 'num_of_disks'
// to hold the disks
src = createStack(num_of_disks);
aux = createStack(num_of_disks);
dest = createStack(num_of_disks);
tohIterative(num_of_disks, src, aux, dest);
return 0;
}
#Solution has taken from Google and GeeksForGeeks
Iterative Method (Stack is implemented here ,using Linked List )
The puzzle starts with the disk in a neat stack in ascending order of size in one pole, the smallest at the top thus making a conical shape.
The objective of the puzzle is to move all the disks from one pole (say ‘source pole’) to another pole (say ‘destination pole’) with the help of third pole (say auxiliary pole).
The puzzle has the following two rules:
1. You can’t place a larger disk onto smaller disk
2. Only one disk can be moved at a time
For n disks, total 2n – 1 moves are required.
Iterative Algorithm:
1. Calculate the total number of moves required i.e. "pow(2, n) - 1" here
n is number of disks.
2. If number of disks (i.e. n) is even then interchange destination
pole and auxiliary pole.
3. for i = 1 to total number of moves:
if i%3 == 1:
legal movement of top disk between source pole and
destination pole
if i%3 == 2:
legal movement top disk between source pole and
auxiliary pole
if i%3 == 0:
legal movement top disk between auxiliary pole
and destination pole
Code is below :
// C Program for Iterative Tower of Hanoi
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <limits.h>
// A structure to represent a stack
struct Stack
{
unsigned capacity;
int top;
int *array;
};
void moveDisk(char , char , int );
// function to create a stack of given capacity.
struct Stack* createStack(unsigned capacity)
{
struct Stack* stack =
(struct Stack*) malloc(sizeof(struct Stack));
stack -> capacity = capacity;
stack -> top = -1;
stack -> array =
(int*) malloc(stack -> capacity * sizeof(int));
return stack;
}
// Stack is full when top is equal to the last index
int isFull(struct Stack* stack)
{
return (stack->top == stack->capacity - 1);
}
// Stack is empty when top is equal to -1
int isEmpty(struct Stack* stack)
{
return (stack->top == -1);
}
// Function to add an item to stack. It increases
// top by 1
void push(struct Stack *stack, int item)
{
if (isFull(stack))
return;
stack -> array[++stack -> top] = item;
}
// Function to remove an item from stack. It
// decreases top by 1
int pop(struct Stack* stack)
{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return INT_MIN;
return stack -> array[stack -> top--];
}
// Function to implement legal movement between
// two poles
void moveDisksBetweenTwoPoles(struct Stack *src,
struct Stack *dest, char s, char d)
{
int pole1TopDisk = pop(src);
int pole2TopDisk = pop(dest);
// When pole 1 is empty
if (pole1TopDisk == INT_MIN)
{
push(src, pole2TopDisk);
moveDisk(d, s, pole2TopDisk);
}
// When pole2 pole is empty
else if (pole2TopDisk == INT_MIN)
{
push(dest, pole1TopDisk);
moveDisk(s, d, pole1TopDisk);
}
// When top disk of pole1 > top disk of pole2
else if (pole1TopDisk > pole2TopDisk)
{
push(src, pole1TopDisk);
push(src, pole2TopDisk);
moveDisk(d, s, pole2TopDisk);
}
// When top disk of pole1 < top disk of pole2
else
{
push(dest, pole2TopDisk);
push(dest, pole1TopDisk);
moveDisk(s, d, pole1TopDisk);
}
}
//Function to show the movement of disks
void moveDisk(char fromPeg, char toPeg, int disk)
{
printf("Move the disk %d from \'%c\' to \'%c\'\n",
disk, fromPeg, toPeg);
}
//Function to implement TOH puzzle
void tohIterative(int num_of_disks, struct Stack
*src, struct Stack *aux,
struct Stack *dest)
{
int i, total_num_of_moves;
char s = 'S', d = 'D', a = 'A';
//If number of disks is even, then interchange
//destination pole and auxiliary pole
if (num_of_disks % 2 == 0)
{
char temp = d;
d = a;
a = temp;
}
total_num_of_moves = pow(2, num_of_disks) - 1;
//Larger disks will be pushed first
for (i = num_of_disks; i >= 1; i--)
push(src, i);
for (i = 1; i <= total_num_of_moves; i++)
{
if (i % 3 == 1)
moveDisksBetweenTwoPoles(src, dest, s, d);
else if (i % 3 == 2)
moveDisksBetweenTwoPoles(src, aux, s, a);
else if (i % 3 == 0)
moveDisksBetweenTwoPoles(aux, dest, a, d);
}
}
// Driver Program
int main()
{
// Input: number of disks
unsigned num_of_disks = 8;
struct Stack *src, *dest, *aux;
// Create three stacks of size 'num_of_disks'
// to hold the disks
src = createStack(num_of_disks);
aux = createStack(num_of_disks);
dest = createStack(num_of_disks);
tohIterative(num_of_disks, src, aux, dest);
return 0;
}
#Solution has taken from Google and GeeksForGeeks
Thursday, August 16, 2018
Is machine dominant the world ?
As I think , Yes.
The machine will dominant this world one day . Human nature is curious ,always search for something .
He does the experiment and in experiment he knows his objective but in ML not outcome .
Human has limitation , he has an emotion . Emotion puts always big effect in taking decision . While in the case of machine , emotion is absent . Human brain works as a parallel computing , we compute lot of data at a time .
a. Data of thoughts
b. Data of conclusion
Tuesday, August 7, 2018
Advance Operating System Problems
Problem1 : Write a script in shell or in python , which is able to store 50 commands which you have previous entered through terminal and execute each command .
Problem 2: Execute the program that will read the file content and print those content adding with line number and arranged in the alphabetical order
Problem 3: Read a file of 20 lines , information then print with line number and another file print only word list with their frequency of occurance and character counts in each word as another description of the word into the third file .
=========
Solutions
=========
Solution 1: Shell script
Step 1:Open terminal type Step 2 Code .
Step 2: ( We assume you have typed 50 commands through terminal )
fc -ln -50 > abc.sh
Description : The fc command is a command line utility for listing, editing and re-executing commands previously entered into an interactive shell.
Above command will save 50 previous commands into abc.sh
Step 3: chmod +x abc.sh
//give execute permission
Step 4: ./abc.sh
//execute command
Solution 2 : Please visit below url for file operation in Python
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-handle-plain-text-files-in-python-3#step-1-%E2%80%94-creating-a-text-file
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19001402/how-to-count-the-total-number-of-lines-in-a-text-file-using-python
https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/examples/alphabetical-order
#open file
days_file = open("hem.txt",'r')
num_lines = sum(1 for line in open('hem.txt'))
#print(num_lines)
count=1
#make a list of item
lines=list(days_file)
for lin in lines:
String=sorted(lin.split(), key=str.lower)
str1 = ' '.join(String)
print(count,str1)
count=count+1
days_file.close();
Solution 3:
Please go below link for more
https://www.pitt.edu/~naraehan/python2/split_join.html
https://developers.google.com/edu/python/strings
from collections import Counter
#open the file
filepath =open('xyz.txt')
#code 1
#store all file in lines
lines=filepath.readlines()
list=[]
#call till 20 values
for i in range(20):
#retrieve each line
String=lines[i]
print(i+1,":",String)
#split each word
words = String.split()
list.extend(words)
#print(words)
#print(list)
c=Counter(list)
c.values()
print("Word Frequency Count")
for key,value in c.items():
string=key
print(key,value,len(string)-string.count(' '))
3 Files in a zip .
I have used python 2.7+ .
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Nn_K7hzge5nIhWX32xNeDNklo53CVsln/view?usp=sharing
Sunday, August 5, 2018
Part 6 Android Vs IOS , Simplified Version
Previous
https://hemchandralive.blogspot.com/2018/08/assignment-2-part-5-android-vs-ios.html
b. Features of ios
https://hemchandralive.blogspot.com/2018/08/assignment-2-part-5-android-vs-ios.html
b. Features of ios
Apple’s mobile operating system, iOS, contains a number of different features developed over its many versions and iterations since 2007. Many such features were, when first developed and introduced by Apple, lauded as innovative, even groundbreaking advances. The following sections detail the features introduced with the various iOS versions.
i) iPhone OS (iOS 1)
- Touchscreen: Apple includes a screen that responds to finger presses and swipes
- Pinch-to-Zoom: User can pinch the screen to zoom the view in or out
- Apple Safari web browser: A mobile version of Apple’s Web browser
- Itunes compatibility: USB connection to iTunes enabled computerTouchscreen keyboard: A touchscreen keyboard replaces physical buttons, allowing a much larger screen without sacrificing device compactness
- Hidden file system: Unlike with a computer, the user cannot directly access the files present on the device
- Home button: A button present on the front of the device allows user to return there from any app at any time
- Home screen web snippets: A quick view of the web is present on the home screen
- Multitouch keyboard: Keyboard can accept more than a single button press at a time
- Re-arrange home screen icons
- Wi-fi iTunes purchases: The user can make purchases from the device
ii) iPhone OS 2 (iOS 2)
- App store: The user can purchase apps from Apple
- Support for 3rd party apps: Users and companies can develop apps
- iOS Developer Kit: Code used to develop apps for third party support is available
- Contact search: Can search contacts by name
- Microsoft Exchange support: Push email and other features have support
- iTunes Genius support: Playlists created by iTunes based on past music
- Podcast downloads: Audio files downloadable from 3rd parties (audio books, web shows, etc.)
- Google Street View: Can view streets and maps from iPhone
iii) iPhone OS 3 (iOS 3)
- Copy/Paste capability: Text selectable to copy and paste
- Spotlight search: Can search a web page with keywords
- USB/Bluetooth tethering: Other mobile device scan access internet through iPhone
- Landscape keyboard: iPhone can be turned horizontally to make a two-fingered keyboard
- Find my iPhone: iPhone can be located and shutdown or wiped clean
- Voice control: iPhone can respond to voice commands such as call or send message (pre-Siri)
- Voice control over Bluetooth: User can use
- Bluetooth device to input voice commands
- Downloadable ringtones: New ringtones available for the iPhone
- Remote lock: Device can be shut off using mobile.me
iv) iphone iOS 4
- Multitasking: iPhone cannot run background apps, but can receive certain notifications from apps
- VideoChat: Can communicate through videos using iPhone
- Retina Display: iPhone display enhanced
- Threaded email: Email similar to text message threads in their display
- Game center: An organization app used to place all games in one place
- TV show rentals: iPhone can now display TV shows
- iTunes Ping: Social network specifically tailored to music
- Verion availability: iPhone now available to Verizon users
- 3G tethering: iPhone becomes hotspot for Wi-Fi enabled devices
v) iphone iOS 5
- Siri: Enhanced and interactive voice control
- PC-free: Device can be activated without a computer
- Notification center: A drop down notification center for organizing app actions
- iTunes Wi-Fi Sync: iPhone can share data back and forth with iTunes
- iCloud: A network the user can setup to connect all their Apple devices
- iMessage: Apple’s texting app
vi) iphone iOS 6
- Updates to Siri, FaceTime over cellular
- Photo Stream over iCloud
- Better sharing options throughout iOS
- Remodelling of the App Stores enhanced Safari with iCloud tabs
- VIP mail on the native Mail app and more emoji
- New calling features, allowing you to set a reminder to call back or reply with a text message.
vii) iphone iOS7
- New design
- IOS camera app
- Itunes Radio
- Apple control centre
- Notification bar
- Smart multi-tasking
- Air Drop.
viii) iphone iOS 8
- Elegant and intuitive interface.
- Built-in features and apps that make your device –and you – more capable.
- With the App Store, there’s almost no limit to what your iOS device can do.
- iCloud. Everything you need.Anywhere you need it.
- Easy to update.
- Safety and security come standard.
- Accessibility built in.
- Switch languages on the fly.
IV Software upgrades
Although Google does update Android frequently, some users may find that they do not receive the updates on their phone, or even purchase phones with out-of-date software.
Phone manufacturers decide whether and when to offer software upgrades. They may not offer an upgrade to the latest version of Android for all the phones and tablets in their product line. Even when an upgrade is offered, it is usually several months after the new version of Android has been released.
This is one area where iOS users have an advantage. iOS upgrades are generally available to all iOS devices.There could be exceptions for devices older than three years, or for certain features like Siri, which was available for iPhone 4S users but not for older versions of iPhone. Apple cites hardware capability as the reason some older devices may not receive all new features inan upgrade.V Building and Publishing Apps for iOS vs. Android .
Android apps are programmed using C, C++ and Java.It is an "open" platform; anyone can download the Android source code and Android SDK for free.Anyone can create and distribute Android apps for free;users are free to download apps from outside the official Google Play store. There is, however, a onetime $25 registration fee for developers who want to publish their apps (whether free or paid apps) on the official Google Play store. Apps published on Google Play undergo a review by Google. TheAndroid SDK is available for all platforms - Mac, PC and Linux.
iOS apps are programmed using Objective-C.Developers must pay $99 every year for access to the iOS SDK and the right to publish in Apple's app store. The iOS SDK is only available for the Mac platform. Some app development platforms - such as TitaniumAppcelerator and PhoneGap - offer a way to code once(say in JavaScript and/or HTML) and have the platformconvert it into "native" code for both Android and iOSplatforms.
Part 5 Android Vs IOS , Simplified Version
previous
https://hemchandralive.blogspot.com/2018/08/assignment-2-part-4-android-vs-ios.html
III - Features With Respect To Version
A. Features of Android
Android does not include as many major updates, but rather smaller increments adding fewer updates each time. Most of the updates come in the form of ".X" updates that are actually additions rather than changes to the whole system.
i) Android 1 (Cupcake and Donut)
- Notification window: Drop down notification from apps across the phone
- Widgets: Home screen functions that do not require the user to open an app
- Gmail integration: Gmail is heavily present in Android
- Android market: Google’s own version of the app store
- CDMA support: Android could be used on Verizon and other CDMA providers
- Onscreen keyboard: Keyboard used on the touchscreen
- Upload support to YouTube: Videos could be captured and uploaded to YouTube
- Third party app development kit and support:
- Other companies and individuals can make apps for the Android operating system
ii) Android 2.0 (Eclair, Froyo, and Gingerbread)
- Multiple account functionality: More than one Google account can be used on Android
- Google maps: Google maps app can be used to navigate
- Quick contact: Contacts can quickly be contacted in a number of ways using the app
- Speech to text: The user can talk to the phone to type a text message
- Five home screens: 5 different screens to hold quick select apps
- Enhanced gallery: Gallery includes features for viewing including moving the image and flipping the phone to affect said image
- PIN lock capability: Users can input a four digit number rather than a slide pattern
- New looks: Looks of widgets and the background of the OS updated
- Front face camera support: User has more control over front face camera
- Action bar: Addition for app users to show popular options
- No need for physical buttons: System bar at thebottom of the phone can be used to go home, back, forward, etc.
- Data usage analysis: Used to show how much data has been used based on users filters
- Android Beam: Two phones can connect simply by touching to share files
v) Android 4.3(Jelly Bean)
- Restricted profiles for tablets
- Bluetooth Smart support
- Dial pad autocomplete
- Improved support for Hebrew and Arabic
vi) Android 4.4 (kikat)
- A more polished design, improved performance and new features.
- Google Now, just say “Ok Google” to launch voice search
- Faster multitasking
- A smarter caller ID
vii) Android 5.0 (Lollipop):
- A bold, colorful, and responsive UI design for consistent, intuitive experiences across allyour devices
- New ways to control when and how you receive messages - only get interrupted when you want to be
- More time playing, less time charging
- Keep your stuff safe and sound
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history
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Part 4 Android Vs IOS , Simplified Version
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Now talk about IOS Technology . IOS and iOS are interchangeble .
C. IOS Technologies
IOS is the operating system that runs on iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch devices. The operating system manages the device hardware and provides the technologies required to implement native apps. The operating system also ships with various system apps, such as Phone, Mail, and Safari that
provide standard system services to the user.
The iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) contains the tools and interfaces needed to develop, install, run, and test native apps that appear on an iOS device’s Home screen. Native apps are built using the iOS system frameworks and Objective-C language and run directly on iOS.
Unlike web apps, native apps are installed physically on a device and are therefore always available to the user, even when the device is in Airplane mode. They reside next to other system apps, and both the app and any user data is synced to the user’s computer through iTunes.
D. The IOS Architecture Is Layered
As you write your code, it is recommended that you prefer the use of higher-level frameworks over lower-level frameworks whenever possible. The higher-level frameworks are there to provide object-oriented abstractions for lower-level constructs.
These abstractions generally make it much easier to write code because they reduce the amount of code you have to write and encapsulate potentially complex features, such as sockets and threads.
You may use lower-level frameworks and technologies, too, if they contain features not exposed by the higher-level frameworks.
You may use lower-level frameworks and technologies, too, if they contain features not exposed by the higher-level frameworks.
Apple delivers most of its system interfaces in special packages called frameworks. A framework is a directory that contains a dynamic shared library and the resources (such as header files, images, and helper apps) needed to support that library. To use frameworks, you add them to your app project from Xcode.
i) Cocoa Touch Layer
The Cocoa Touch layer contains key frameworks for building iOS apps. These frameworks define the appearance of your app. They also provide the basic app infrastructure and support for key technologies such as multitasking, touch-based input, push notifications, and many high-level system services. When designing your apps, you should investigate the technologies in this layer first to see if theymeet your needs.
ii) Media Layer
The Media layer contains the graphics, audio, and video technologies you use to implement multimedia experiences in your apps. The technologies in this layer make it easy for you to build apps that look and sound great.
iii) Core Services Layer
The Core Services layer contains fundamental system services for apps. Key among these services are the Core Foundation and Foundation frameworks, which define the basic types that all apps use. This layer also contains individual technologies to support features such as location, iCloud, social media, and networking.
iv) Core OS Layer
At the highest level, IOS acts as an intermediary between the underlying hardware and the apps you create. Apps do not talk to the underlying hardware directly. Instead, they communicate with the hardware through a set of well defined system interfaces. These interfaces make it easy to write apps that work consistently on devices having different hardware capabilities.
The implementation of IOS technologies can be viewed as a set of layers, which are shown in
Below Figure. Lower layers contain fundamental services and technologies. Higher-level layers build upon the lower layers and provide more sophisticated services and technologies
The Core OS layer contains the low-level features that most other technologies are built upon. Even if you do not use these technologies directly in your apps, they are most likely being used by other frameworks. And in situations where you need to explicitly deal with security or communicating with an external hardware accessory, you do so using the frameworks in this layer.
Part 3 Android Vs IOS , Simplified Version .
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Here we will discuss about the Android HAL .
i) Application framework
i) Binder IPC
The Binder Inter-Process Communication mechanism allows the application framework to cross process boundaries and call into the Android system services code. This basically allows high level framework APIs to interact with Android's system services. At the application framework level, all of
this communication is hidden from the developer and things appear to "just work."
ii) System services
iii) Hardware abstraction layer (HAL)
Android does not mandate a standard interaction between your HAL implementation and your device drivers, so you have free reign to do what is best for your situation. However, you must abide by the contract defined in each hardware-specific HAL interface for the Android system to be able to correctly interact with your hardware. HAL implementations are typically built into shared library modules (.so files).
iv) Linux Kernel
IPC driver, and other features that are important for a mobile embedded platform like Android. These additions have less to do with driver development than with the system's functionality. You can use any version of the kernel that you want as long as it supports the required features, such as the binder driver. However, we recommend using the latest version of the Android kernel.
Next :
Part 2 Android Vs IOS , Simplified Version .
II – OS Technologies and Architecture
A) Android Technologies
Android is an open-source software stack created for a wide array of devices with different form factors. The primary purposes of Android are to create an open software platform available for carriers, OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers), and developers to make their innovative ideas a reality and to introduce a successful, real world product that improves the mobile experience for users.
We also wanted to make sure there was no central point of failure, where one industry player could restrict or control the innovations of any other. The result is a full, production quality consumer product with source code open for customization and porting.
Android was originated by a group of companies known as the Open Handset Alliance, led by Google.
Today, many companies both original members of the OHA (Open Handset Alliance) and others have invested heavily in Android. These companies have allocated significant engineering resources to improve Android and bring Android devices to market.
The companies that have invested in Android have done so on its merits because we believe an open platform is necessary. Android is intentionally and explicitly an opensource as opposed to a free software effort; a group of organizations with shared needs has pooled resources to collaborate on a single implementation of a shared product.
The Android philosophy is pragmatic, first and foremost. The objective is a shared product that each contributor can tailor and customize.
B. Android Low-Level System Architecture
Before you begin porting Android to your hardware, it is important to have an understanding of how Android works at a high level. Because your drivers and HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer) code interact with many layers of Android code, this understanding can help you find your way through the many layers of code that are available to you through the AOSP (Android Open Source Project) source tree. The following Figure shows a system level view of how Android works:
Below is a figure of Android System Architecture .
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Part 1 : Android Vs IOS , Simplified Version .
Hey guys , I most probably guess you are using Android phone . I believe you know its most features . In this article we will discuss about the Features , pros and cons between Android or Ios .
Note: I have 2+ year of Android Experience .
Abstract— Google’s Android and Apple IOS are operating system used primarily in mobile
technology, such as tablets and smartphone’s.
In these past years, the entire world has witnessed the rise of these two platforms. The IOS platform developed by Apple is the world’s most advanced mobile operating system (OS), continually redefining what people can do with a mobile device.
Google’s Android platform developed by Google is an optimized platform for mobile devices with a perfect combination of an application programs, middleware and operating system (OS).
This research paper will be extremely helpful to have a comparative overview between these two OS’s and also sheds light on the technical specification, market analysis, development environment aspect of these two largely operating systems. And the Comparison is done on the basis of
1. their performances,
2. their platform and
3. the growth in mobile world.
The Salient new key Features introduced in Android and IOS are also described.
Keywords— Smartphone’s; Android; IOS; iPhone; Mobile operating system; Comparison; Architecture.
SmartPhone : A Smartphone is a cellular telephone with an integrated computer and other features not originally associated with telephones, such as an operating system, Web browsing and the ability to run software applications.
Interesting Fact : The first Smartphone was IBM's Simon, which was presented as a concept device
(rather than a consumer device) at the 1992 COMDEX computer industry trade show.
A) Some vendor or analyst-suggested requirements for
designation as a Smartphone- A recognized mobile operating system, such as Nokia's Symbian, Google's Android, Apple's iOS or the BlackBerry OS
- The ability to sync more than one email account to the device
- Embedded memory
- Touch screen
- Wi-Fi, A mobile browser, Internet connectivity
- Hardware and/or software-based QWERTY keyboard
- Wireless synchronization with other devices, such as laptop or desktop computers
- The ability to download applications and run them independently
- Support for third-party applications
- The ability to run multiple application simultaneously
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Part 4: OpenSource Vs Proprietary Operating System
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https://hemchandralive.blogspot.com/2018/08/aos-assignment-1-part-3-opensource-vs.html
CONCLUSION
We developed a model to compare the incentives to invest in the operating system and its applications both under open source and proprietary operating systems.
We found that the comparison of the levels of investment in the operating systems is ambiguous, but the investment in applications is stronger when the operating system is open source.
These results were developed under the assumption that the productivity of investment is the same for a proprietary and an open source system. This is an issue where there is significant disagreement, and both sides (for profit software companies and open source developers) claim that their productivity is higher.
This clearly is an open research issue, but the purposes of this chapter - a change of the assumption of the equal productivity of investment in both environments - will tend to change our result in favor of the ecosystem that is assumed to have higher productivity. For example, if it is assumed that the productivity. of the open source development is larger
the relative investment in the open source operating system increases; if it is assumed that productivity of proprietary software development is higher, the relative investment in the proprietary operating system increases.
An interesting extension of the current model would be the analysis of the innovation incentives in a competitive setting and the dynamics of innovation.
We also developed a short case study of Linux vs. Windows. The discussion distinguished between issues that affect the competition at the client-side, the server-side and the interaction between the client-side and the sever-side.
Besides the competition between Linux and Windows, there is a need for more research to analyze and understand the strategies of competing Linux distributors. Also more research is needed in understanding the switching costs and the open source adoption strategies of enterprises.
Another important area is the interaction between client-side and server-side software products and how this interaction affects the competition in the software industry and the success of open source.
Happy Reading :-)
Part 3: OpenSource Vs Proprietary Operating System
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3 THE MODEL
This section provides a brief overview of the technology platforms model of Economides and Katsamakas (2005) and extends that model to analyze the investment incentives of different platforms.
The model consists of two software ecosystems,
(i) the first based on a proprietary platform and
(ii) the second based on an open source platform.
The software ecosystem based on the proprietary platform consists of one platform firm selling the platform A, (operating system), and an independent application developer selling B, (application software).
The platform firm sells the platform to the users at a price p,. The independent application provider sells the application to the users at a price p,. The application provider pays also an access fees to the platform firm.
The fees is set by the platform firm and it can be negative when effectively the operating system firm subsidizes the application developer.
The demand function of the platform A0,
A0, is q0 =a0 - b0p0 – d1
and the demand of the application
B1 is q1 = a1 – b1p1 – d0
where parameter d measures the complementarity between the platform and the application. We assume that b1 , b0 > d, i.e. the own-price effect of each product dominates the cross-price effect. The profit function of the platform firm is
Ï€o = p0q0 + sq1,
equal to the platform profit from users plus the platform profit from the application access fees. The profit function of the application provider is
Ï€1 =( p1-S )q1 .
The marginal cost of production is zero for both the platform and the application, because both are software products easy to reproduce. The firms set prices in a two-stage game. In stage one, the platform sets the access fees paid by the application provider. In stage two, the platform and the application provider set the user prices p1 , p0 , simultaneously.
10.4.1 Innovation Incentives
Before the operating systems and the applications are offered to users as defined above, the software firms and individual developers may invest in increasing a, (effectively increasing the quality of the software product), expanding the demand of the operating system and the applications. We show that the incentives to invest differ across operating systems, and we characterize the relative strength of these incentives.
When the operating system is proprietary, we assume that
(a) each firm invests in its product to maximize its profit; and
(b) neither the users nor the application providers invest in the platform because the platform is closed.
For example, the quality of Microsoft Windows depends almost exclusively on Microsoft's investment in this operating system.
The proposition suggests that the investment in the application is stronger when the operating system is open source. However, the comparison of investment levels in the operating system is ambiguous. When there are strong reputation effects from participation in the development of the open source operating system, or a significant proportion of the users have also development skills, then the investment in the open source operating system is also larger than the investment of a firm controlling a proprietary operating system. The proposition captures both the reputation benefits and the usage benefits of participants inwidely adopted open source projects.
The application provider for the open source operating system invests more than the application provider for the proprietary operating system because the first has a larger marginal profit for all levels of investment.
This is because the open source operating system is adopted by users for free, enabling the application provider to set a larger price and capture a larger profit than the application provider for the proprietary operating system.
The level of investment in the applications affects the level of investment in the operating system because of the complementarity between the application and the operating system. In particular, when the level of investment in the application increases, the marginal benefit of investing in the operating system decreases, as shown in Equations (10.1) and (10.3).
Exogenous factors that reduce the adoption of the open source operating system, such as a large adoption cost
c0, decrease the incentives of individual developers to invest in the open source operating system. Therefore, an independent application provider may subsidize the adoption of the open source platform not only to increase the sales of its application, but also to increase the incentives of developers to invest in the operating system.
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